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The Importance of Being Earnest, A Trivial Comedy for Serious People is a play by Oscar Wilde. Working within the social conventions of late Victorian London, the play's major themes are the triviality with which it treats institutions as serious as marriage, and the resulting satire of Victorian ways. Contemporary reviews all praised the play's humour, though some were cautious about its explicit lack of social messages, while others foresaw the modern consensus that it was the culmination of Wilde's artistic career so far.

Its high farce and witty dialogue have helped make The Importance of Being Earnest Wilde's most enduringly popular play. The successful opening night marked the climax of Wilde's career but also heralded his downfall. The Marquess of Queensberrywhose son Lord Alfred Douglas was Wilde's lover, planned to present the writer with a bouquet of rotten vegetables and disrupt the show.

Wilde was tipped off and Queensberry was refused admission. Soon afterwards their feud came to a climax in court, where Wilde's homosexual double life was revealed to the Victorian public and he was eventually sentenced to imprisonment.

After his release, he published the play from exile in Paris, but he wrote no further comic or dramatic work. The Importance of Being Earnest has been revived many times since its premiere. It has been adapted for the cinema on three occasions. In The Importance of Being EarnestDame Edith Evans reprised her celebrated interpretation of Lady Bracknell; The Importance of Being Earnest by Kurt Baker used an all-black cast; and Oliver Parker 's The Importance of Being Earnest incorporated some of Wilde's original material cut during the preparation of the original stage production.

After the success of Wilde's plays Lady Windermere's Fan and A Woman of No ImportanceWilde's producers urged him to write further plays. In July he mooted his idea for The Importance of Being Earnest to George Alexanderthe actor-manager of the St James's Theatre. Wilde spent the summer with his family at Worthingwhere he wrote the play quickly in August. Gilbert 's farce Engaged ; [6] Wilde borrowed from Gilbert not only several incidents but, in Russell Jackson's phrase "the gravity of tone demanded by Gilbert of his actors".

Wilde continually revised the text over the next months: In revising as he did, "Wilde transformed standard nonsense into the more systemic and disconcerting illogicality which characterises Earnest's dialogue". In the course of these rehearsals, Alexander asked Wilde to shorten the play from four acts to three. Wilde agreed and combined elements of the second and third acts.

Gribsby, a solicitor who comes from London to arrest the profligate "Ernest" i. Algernon, who is posing as "Ernest", will be led away to Holloway Jail unless he settles his accounts immediately.

Jack finally agrees to pay for Ernest, everyone thinking that it is Algernon's bill when in fact it is his own. Peter Raby argues that the three-act structure is more effective, and that the shorter original text is more theatrically resonant than the expanded published edition.

The Marquess of Queensberrythe father of Wilde's lover Lord Alfred Douglas who was on holiday in Algiers at the timehad planned to disrupt the play by throwing a bouquet of rotten vegetables at the playwright when he took his bow at the end of the show. Wilde and Alexander learned of the plan, and the latter cancelled Queensberry's ticket and arranged for policemen to bar his entrance. Nevertheless, he continued harassing Wilde, who eventually launched a private prosecution against the peer for criminal libeltriggering a series of trials ending in Wilde's imprisonment for gross indecency.

Alexander tried, unsuccessfully, to save the production by removing Wilde's name from the billing, [n 2] but the play had to close after only 86 performances. The play's original Broadway production opened at the Empire Theatre on 22 Aprilbut closed after sixteen performances.

Its cast included William Faversham as Algy, Henry Miller as Jack, Viola Allen as Gwendolen, and Ida Vernon as Lady Bracknell. In contrast to much theatre of the time, The Importance of Being Earnest' s light plot does not tackle serious social and political issues, something of which contemporary reviewers were wary.

Though unsure of Wilde's seriousness as a dramatist, they recognised the play's cleverness, humour and popularity with audiences.

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In The SpeakerA. Walkley admired the play and was one of few to see it as the culmination of Wilde's dramatic career. He denied the term "farce" was derogatory, or even lacking in seriousness, and said "It is of nonsense all compact, and better nonsense, I think, our stage has not seen.

Wellsin an unsigned review for the Pall Mall Gazettecalled Earnest one of the freshest comedies of the year, saying "More humorous dealing with theatrical conventions it would be difficult to imagine. Auden later [ when? The Importance of Being Earnest is Wilde's most popular work and is continually revived. Contrary to popular belief, 'The Importance of Being Earnest' - and Wilde's three other society plays - was performed in Britain during the period of the author's imprisonment and exile, albeit by small touring companies.

Tapping's company toured 'The Importance' between October and March their performance at the Theatre Royal, Limerick, in the last week of October was almost certainly the first production of the play in Ireland.

Elsie Lanham's company also toured 'The Importance' between November and April A collected edition of Wilde's works, published in and edited by Robert Rosshelped to restore his reputation as an author. Alexander presented another revival of The Importance at the St James's inwhen he and Aynesworth reprised their original roles; [36] the revival ran for performances. For a revival at the same theatre the young actors Gerald Ames and A. Matthews succeeded the creators as Jack and Algy.

It was not until the s that the case for s costumes was established; as a critic in The Manchester Guardian put it, "Thirty years on, one begins to feel that Wilde should be done in the costume of his period—that his wit today needs the backing of the atmosphere that gave it life and truth.

In Sir Nigel Playfair 's production at the LyricHammersmithJohn Gielgud played Jack to the Lady Bracknell of his aunt, Mabel Terry-Lewis. The Times considered the production the best since the original, and praised it for its fidelity to Wilde's conception, its "airy, responsive ball-playing quality.

During a season at the Haymarket the King and Queen attended a performance, [44] which, as the journalist Geoffrey Wheatcroft put it, gave the play "a final accolade of respectability. As Wilde's work came to be read and performed again, it was The Importance of Being Earnest that received the most productions. In the Roundabout Theatre Company produced a Broadway revival based on the Stratford Shakespeare Festival production featuring Brian Bedford as director and as Lady Bracknell.

It opened at the American Airlines Theatre on 13 January and ran until 3 July The cast also included Dana Ivey as Miss Prism, Paxton Whitehead as Canon Chasuble, Santino Fontana as Algernon, Paul O'Brien as Lane, Charlotte Parry as Cecily, David Furr as Jack and Sara Topham as Gwendolen.

The play was also presented internationally, in Singapore, in Octoberby the British Theatre Playhouse[60] and the same company brought it to London's Greenwich Theatre in April The play is set in "The Present" i. The play opens with Algernon Moncrieff, an idle young gentlemanreceiving his best friend, John Worthing, Ernest.

Ernest came from the country to propose to Algernon's cousin, Gwendolen Fairfax. Algernon, refuses his consent until Ernest explains why his cigarette case bears the inscription, "From little Cecily, with her fondest love to her dear Uncle Jack.

In the country, he assumes a serious attitude for the benefit of his young wardthe heiress Cecily Cardew, and goes by the name of John or Jackwhile pretending that he must worry about a wastrel younger brother named Ernest in London.

In the city, meanwhile, he assumes the identity of the libertine Ernest. Algernon confesses a similar deception: Jack refuses to tell Algernon the location of his country estate.

Gwendolen and her formidable mother Lady Bracknell now call on Algernon who distracts Lady Bracknell in another room while Jack proposes to Gwendolen. She accepts, but seems to love him very largely for his professed name of Ernest. Jack accordingly resolves to himself to be rechristened "Ernest". Discovering them in this intimate exchange, Lady Bracknell interviews Jack as a prospective suitor.

Horrified to learn that he was adopted after being discovered as a baby in a handbag at Victoria Station, she refuses him and forbids further contact with her daughter. Gwendolen manages covertly to promise to him her undying love. As Jack gives her his address in the country, Algernon surreptitiously notes it on the cuff of his sleeve: Jack's revelation of his pretty and wealthy young ward has motivated his friend to meet her.

Cecily is studying with her governessMiss Prism. Algernon arrives, pretending to be Ernest Worthing, and soon charms Cecily. Long fascinated by Uncle Jack's hitherto absent black sheep brother, she is predisposed to fall for Algernon in his role of Ernest a name she is apparently particularly fond of. Therefore, Algernon, too, plans for the rectorDr. Chasuble, to rechristen him "Ernest".

Jack has decided to abandon his double life. He arrives in full mourning and announces his brother's death in Paris of a severe chill, a story undermined essay about stock market crash Algernon's presence in the guise of Ernest.

60 second binary option canada strategies d now enters, having vrtx stock options away from home. During the temporary absence of the two men, she meets Cecily, each woman indignantly declaring that she is the one engaged to "Ernest".

When Jack and Algernon reappear, their deceptions are exposed. Arriving in pursuit of her daughter, Lady Bracknell is astonished to be told that Algernon and Cecily are engaged. The revelation of Cecily's trust fund soon dispels Lady Bracknell's orient manufacture and trading joint stock company doubts over the young lady's suitability, but any engagement is forbidden by her guardian Jack: The impasse is broken by the return of Miss Prism, whom Lady Bracknell recognises as the person who, twenty-eight years earlier, as a family nursemaid, had taken a baby boy for a walk in a perambulator baby carriage and never returned.

Challenged, Miss Prism explains that she had absentmindedly put the manuscript of a novel she was writing in the perambulator, and the baby in a handbag, which she had left at Victoria Station. Jack produces the very same handbag, showing that he is the lost baby, the elder son of Lady Bracknell's late sister, and thus indeed Algernon's elder brother. Having acquired such respectable relations, he is acceptable as a suitor for Gwendolen after all. Gwendolen, though, still insists that she can only love a man named Ernest.

Lady Bracknell informs Jack that, as the first-born, he would have been named after his father, General Moncrieff. Jack examines the army lists and discovers that his father's name—and hence his own real name—was in fact Ernest. Pretence was reality all along. As the happy couples embrace—Jack and Gwendolen, Algernon and Cecily, and even Dr. Chasuble and Miss Prism—Lady Bracknell complains to her newfound relative: Arthur Ransome described The Importance It "refuses to play the game" of other dramatists of the period, for instance Bernard Shaw, who used their characters to draw audiences to grander ideals.

The play repeatedly mocks Victorian traditions and social customs, marriage and the pursuit of love in particular. I hate people who are not serious about meals.

It is so shallow of them," says Algernon in Act 1; allusions are quick and from multiple angles. Wilde managed both to engage with and to mock the genre, while providing social commentary and offering reform.

Gwendolen, it is a terrible thing for a man to find out suddenly that all his life he has been speaking nothing but the truth. Can you forgive me? In turn, both Gwendolen and Cecily have the ideal of marrying a man named Ernest, a popular and respected name at the time.

Gwendolen, quite unlike her mother's methodical analysis of John Worthing's suitability as a husband, places her entire faith in a Christian name, declaring in Act I, "The only really safe name is Ernest". Wilde embodied society's rules and rituals artfully into Lady Bracknell: He defends himself against her "A handbag? At the time, Victoria Station consisted of two separate but adjacent terminal stations sharing the same name.

It has been argued that the play's themes of duplicity and ambivalence are inextricably bound up with Wilde's homosexuality, and that the play exhibits a "flickering presence-absence of… homosexual desire".

How I used to toy with that Tiger Life. The use of the name Earnest may have been a homosexual in-joke. Inthree years before Wilde wrote the play, John Gambril Nicholson had published the book of pederastic poetry Love in Earnest.

The sonnet Of Boys' Names included the verse: Sir Donald Sindenan actor who had met ira forex trading managed of the play's original cast Irene Vanbrugh and Allan Aynesworthand Lord Alfred Douglas, wrote to The Times to level crossing analysis of the stock markets suggestions that "Earnest" held any sexual connotations: Although they had ample opportunity, at no time did any of them even hint that "Earnest" was a synonym for homosexual, or that "bunburying" may have implied homosexual sex.

The first time I heard it mentioned was in the s and I immediately consulted Sir John Gielgud whose own earnest money in california of Jack Worthing in the same play was legendary and whose knowledge of theatrical lore was encyclopaedic. He replied in his ringing tones: I would have known". A number of theories have also been put forward to explain the derivation of Bunbury, and Bunburying, which are used in the play to imply a secretive double life.

It may have derived from Henry Shirley Bunbury, a hypochondriacal acquaintance of Wilde's youth. Bunburying is a stratagem used by people who need an excuse for avoiding social obligations in their daily life. The word "bunburying" first appears in Act I search stock market ticker symbols uk Algernon explains that he invented a fictional friend, a chronic invalid named "Bunbury", to have an excuse for getting out of events he does not wish to attend, particularly with his Aunt Augusta Lady Bracknell.

Algernon and Jack both use this method to secretly visit their lovers, Cecily and Gwendolen. While his earlier comedies suffer from an unevenness resulting from the thematic clash between the trivial and the serious, Earnest achieves a pitch-perfect style that allows these to dissolve. The dandyish insouciance of Jack and Algernon—established early with Algernon's exchange with his manservant—betrays an underlying unity despite their differing attitudes. The formidable pronouncements of Lady Bracknell are as startling for her use of hyperbole and rhetorical extravagance as for her disconcerting opinions.

In contrast, the speech of Dr. Chasuble and Miss Prism is distinguished by "pedantic precept" and "idiosyncratic diversion". Max Beerbohm described it as littered with "chiselled apophthegms—witticisms unrelated to action or character", of which he found half a dozen to be of the highest order.

Lady Bracknell's line, "A handbag? Edith Evans, both on stage and in the christian investing stock market beginnersdelivered the line loudly in a mixture of horror, incredulity and condescension. An understated take, to be sure, but with such a well-known play, packed full of witticisms and aphorisms with a life of their own, it's the little things that make a difference.

Though Wilde deployed characters that were by now familiar—the dandy lord, the overbearing matriarch, the pound exchange rate in pakistani rupees with a past, the puritan young lady—his treatment is subtler than in his earlier comedies. Lady Bracknell, for instance, embodies respectable, upper-class society, but Eltis notes how her development "from the familiar overbearing duchess into a quirkier and more disturbing character" can be traced through Wilde's revisions of the play.

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Now freed from "living up to any drama more serious than conversation" Wilde could now amuse himself to a fuller extent with quips, bons-motsepigrams and list of tsx companies by market cap that really had little to do with the business at hand.

The genre of the Importance of Being Earnest has been deeply debated by scholars and critics alike who have placed the play within a wide variety of genres ranging from parody to satire. In his critique of Wilde, Foster argues that the play creates a world where "real values are inverted [and], reason and unreason are interchanged".

Wilde's two final comedies, An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnestwere still on stage in London at the time of his prosecution, and they were soon closed as the details of his case became public.

After two years in prison with hard labour, Wilde went into exile in Paris, sick and depressed, his reputation destroyed in England. Inwhen no-one else would, Leonard Smithers agreed with Wilde to publish the two final plays. Wilde proved to be a diligent reviser, sending detailed instructions on stage directions, character listings and the presentation of the book, and insisting that a playbill from the first performance be reproduced inside.

Ellmann argues that the proofs show a man "very much in command of himself and of the play". On 19 Octobera first edition number of 1, was discovered inside a handbag in an Oxfam shop in NantwichCheshire.

Staff were unable to trace the donor. The Importance of Being Earnest ' s popularity has meant it has been translated into many languages, though the homophonous pun in the title " Ernest ", a masculine proper name, and " earnest ", the virtue of steadfastness and seriousness poses a special problem for translators. The easiest case of a suitable translation of the pun, perpetuating its sense and meaning, may have been its translation into German. Since English and German are closely related languagesGerman provides an equivalent adjective "ernst" and also a matching masculine proper name "Ernst".

The meaning and tenor of the wordplay are exactly the same. Yet there are many different possible titles in German, mostly concerning sentence structure. Since wordplay is often unique to the language in question, translators are faced with a choice of either staying faithful to the original—in this case the English adjective and virtue earnest —or creating a similar pun in their own language. Four main strategies have been used by translators. The first leaves all characters' names unchanged and in their original spelling: Lastly, one translation gave the name an Italianate touch by rendering it as Ernesto ; this work liberally mixed proper nouns from both languages.

Apart from multiple "made-for-television" versions, The Importance of Being Earnest has been adapted for the English-language cinema at least three times, first in by Anthony Asquith who adapted the screenplay and directed it. Michael Denison AlgernonMichael Redgrave JackEdith Evans Lady BracknellDorothy Tutin CecilyJoan Greenwood Gwendolenand Margaret Rutherford Miss Prism and Miles Malleson Canon Chasuble were among the cast.

Brown as Algernon, Ann Weldon as Lady Bracknell, Lanei Chapman as Cecily, Chris Calloway as Gwendolen, CCH Pounder as Miss Prism, and Brock Peters as Doctor Chasuble, set in the United States. Gribsby who pursues Jack to Hertfordshire present in Wilde's original draft, but cut at the behest of the play's first producer.

InErnest in Love was staged Off-Broadway. The Japanese all-female musical theatre troupe Takarazuka Revue staged this musical in in two productions, one by Moon Troupe and the other one by Flower Troupe. InErik Chisholm composed an opera from the play, using Wilde's text as the libretto. InGerd Natschinski composed the musical Mein Freund Bunbury based on the play, premiered at Metropol Theater Berlin.

According to a study by Robert Tanitch, by there had been least eight adaptations of the play as a musical, though "never with conspicuous success". The journalist Mark Bostridge comments, "The libretto of a musical adaptation, Half in Earnestdeposited in the British Libraryis scarcely more encouraging. The curtain rises on Algy strumming away at the piano, singing 'I can play ChopsticksLane'. Other songs include 'A Bunburying I Must Go'. Gerald Barry created the opera, The Importance of Being Earnestcommissioned by the Los Angeles Philharmonic and the Barbican Centre in London.

It was premiered in Los Angeles in There have been many radio versions of the play. In the BBC broadcast an adaptation with Hesketh Pearson as Jack Worthing. The production was later released on CD. To commemorate the centenary of the first performance of the play, Radio 4 broadcast a new adaptation on 13 February ; directed by Glyn Dearmanit featured Judi Dench as Lady Bracknell, Michael Hordern as Lane, Michael Sheen as Jack Worthing, Martin Clunes as Algernon Moncrieff, John Moffatt as Canon Chasuble, Miriam Margolyes as Miss Prism, Samantha Bond as Gwendolen and Amanda Root as Cecily.

The production was later issued on audio cassette. On 13 DecemberBBC Radio 3 broadcast a new adaptation directed by Howard Davies starring Geraldine McEwan as Lady Bracknell, Simon Russell Beale as Jack Worthing, Julian Wadham as Algernon Moncrieff, Geoffrey Palmer as Canon Chasuble, Celia Imrie as Miss Prism, Victoria Hamilton as Gwendolen and Emma Fielding as Cecily, with music composed by Dominic Muldowney.

The production was released on audio cassette. A commercial television adaptation starred Ian CarmichaelPatrick MacneeSusannah YorkFenella FieldingPamela Brown and Irene Handl. BBC television transmissions of the play have included a Play of the Month version starring Coral Browne as Lady Bracknell with Michael JaystonJulian HollowayGemma Jones and Celia Bannerman.

It was adapted for Australian TV in Gielgud's performance is preserved on an EMI audio recording dating fromwhich also captures Edith Evans's Lady Bracknell. The cast also includes Roland Culver AlgyJean Cadell Miss PrismPamela Brown Gwendolen and Celia Johnson Cecily.

Other audio recordings include a "Theatre Masterworks" version fromdirected and narrated by Margaret Websterwith a cast including Maurice EvansLucile Watson and Mildred Natwick ; [] a version by California Artists Radio Theatre, featuring Dan O'Herlihy Jeanette NolanLes Tremayne and Richard Erdman ; [] and one by L.

Theatre Works issued infeaturing Charles BuschJames Marsters and Andrea Bowen. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see The Importance of Being Earnest disambiguation.

The original production of The Importance of Being Earnest in with Allan Aynesworth as Algernon left and George Alexander as John right. Music based on the works of Oscar Wilde.

The Importance of Being Earnest film and The Importance of Being Earnest film. Bruce Lockhart —an inside joke that came about after Wilde boarded a train at Banbury on which he met a schoolboy. They got into conversation and subsequently arranged to meet again at Sunbury. A command performance of the play was given by Boucicault's company in the presence of the Governor of Victoria. Robert Flemyng played Algy. Max Beerbohm recounted in a letter to Reggie Turner Wilde's difficulty in obtaining a satisfactory offering: This he ate with assumed disgust but evident relish and when he paid the waiter, he said: A show with a book by Douglas Livingstone and score by Adam McGuinness and Zia Moranne was staged in December at the Riverside StudiosHammersmith; the cast included Susie BlakeGyles Brandreth and Edward Petherbridge.

The Wildean, A Journal of the Oscar Wilde Society, Julyp. George Alexander at the Royal" The Manchester Guardian, 5 Novemberp. The Importance of Being Earnest"The Sunday Business Post31 July ; and "Theatre Review: Broadway's Earnest Gets Week Extension, Bumping People Musical to Studio 54"Playbill. Retrieved 14 February Gay History and Literature. A Second Look at the Importance of Being Earnest".

Retrieved 20 March Archived from the original on 13 August Retrieved 4 April Theatre Works audio theatre collection"WorldCat, accessed 2 August The Importance of Being Earnest. Oscar Wilde 's The Importance of Being Earnest. The Importance of Being Earnest Ernest in Love musical The Importance of Being Earnest opera.

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